Turkish Charter Cultmania!

U.S. Tax payer Dollars Support Turkish Cult Educator

By Jim Vail

The Greek Star

The drive to privatize public education is attracting all kinds of business operators from around the globe.  Among the groups of non-profit operators opening up charter schools are religious cults.  And one big operator in Chicago with several charter schools is tied to the Gulen Movement, a Turkish Islamic cult that has embraced modern technology, private enterprise, media and education.

Concept Schools runs the Chicago Math and Science Academy in Rogers Park on the north side, and is opening another charter school on the southwest side.  It also recently pulled out of a possible Lincoln Square location after residents protested the school at a neighborhood meeting. Many questioned how the Chicago Board of Education could be closing public schools because of low enrollment, and then quickly propose opening a charter school.

Concept Charter Schools is looking to expand its footprint in Chicago by opening two high schools, one in Chatham and the other in South Chicago.

The charter school game is a big business being promoted by some of this country’s billionaires, including Bill Gates and Eli Broad.  And Concept Schools is tied to a powerful religious movement led by Turkish Islamic scholar Fetullah Gulen, which has substantial investments in media, finance and for-profit health clinics.

According to Wikipedia, the exact number of Gulen supporters is not known because the movement is rather secretive, but estimates range from 1 to 8 million. The NY Times described the movement as a “moderate blend of Islam,” while Prospect magazine reported the movement as “at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations.” 

Others believe this cult purposely keeps its distance from Islamic political parties, including the ruling party in Turkey today which has seen tremendous protests in the streets recently.

Wikipedia says critics claim the movement’s organizational structure is strict obedience, hierarchical and undemocratic, including telling whom members should marry.

Gulen has an impressive media empire covering newspapers and TV, and is very active in education. It runs schools with more than 2 million students, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide, Wikipedia states.

Many say the schools are well run and promote good citizenship. However, in 2008 the Dutch government investigated the movement’s activities in the Netherlands and concluded that the Gulen schools promoted “anti-integrative behavior” and reduced their public funding, according to Wikipedia.

Interestingly enough, it is only in the United States, Wikipedia states, where the state is lavishly funding these Turkish charter schools. According to the NY Times, there are about 120 schools in the US, mostly in urban centers like Chicago that are closing public schools. Charter schools are private operators that get public funding.

The Gulen schools have been accused of using its money to buy influence, including financing politicians’ trips for their support. The Philadelphia Enquirer reported that the FBI and Depts. of Labor and Education were investigating whether some employees were kicking back part of their salaries to a Muslim movement founded by Gulen known as Hizmet.

The other troubling part is that it appears these Turkish schools are H-1B visa factories (visas reserved for highly skilled workers who fill needs unmet by the American workforce). In 2011, 292 of the 1500 employees at the Gulen-inspired Harmony School of Innovation in Texas, were on H-1B visas, claiming they were unable to find qualified teachers in America, highly questionable during an economic crisis when many teachers were being laid off, and bringing in Turkish nationals with inferior language skills to teach in American schools.

There was also an FBI investigation of Concept Schools in Ohio under the suspicion that they were illegally using taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed. This was later confirmed by state auditors, and Concept repaid the fees for some of the schools, Wikipedia reported.

Some argue that these charter schools are simply money makers for building the Gulen movement in the US and they obtain a substantial amount of private, state and federal funding, and have proved “amazingly effective at soliciting private donations,” Wikipedia reported.

The NY Times reported two of its schools in Texas were accused of funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gulen-related Atlas Texas Construction and Trading, even though some bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids.

This is a very interesting charge since the powerful Mexican charter operator UNO, with tight ties to Mayor Rahm Emanuel in Chicago, was temporarily suspended after it was discovered they were awarding no-bid construction contracts to the family members of board members. 

The Deseret News also reported questions about the US tax monies these Turkish schools are getting, noting, “In a time of teacher layoffs, (Gulen) has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey. Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the US. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah.”

And therein lies the beauty of charter schools for those with the money to pay salaries.  A considerable number of teachers in charters do not have to be certified, and they make a lot less money than their counterparts in public schools because they are mostly non-unionized.

The Turkish Chicago Math and Science Academy was involved in a big fight to prevent its teachers from unionizing, reflecting its very pro-business and anti-worker sentiment.

Many parents and students in Chicago probably do not know that the charter school is directly tied to the Turkish cult, as it has, like most high-profile cults today in money making operations, downplayed its ties to Turkey and religion.

Their schools in Kazakstan have been accused of following admission policies that favor the children from wealthy and well-connected families, while its schools in Tashkent and St. Petersburg were closed for a period, being accused of supporting Islamic groups.

Pension Poison Bill

Lawmakers Pass State Pension Reform Legislation

by The Chicago Teachers Pension Fund

Illinois lawmakers in both the House and Senate passed pension reform legislation, Senate Bill 1, yesterday afternoon. The bill includes changes to four of the five state-wide pension systems: Teachers' Retirement System (TRS), State Employees Retirement System (SERS), State Universities Retirement System (SURS), and the General Assembly Retirement System (GARS). 

 

Chicago Teachers Pension Fund is NOT currently included in this legislation. 

More Information about Senate Bill 1

The legislation:

1.  Changes the calculation for Annual Annuity Adjustments
   (Cost of living increases -- COLAs). Future COLA increases would be 3 percent multiplied by the number of years worked times $1,000 ($800 for those coordinated with Social Security). The $1,000/$800 will be adjusted each year by the CPI for everyone (retirees and current employees). Those with an annuity that is less than their years of service times $1,000/$800 (or whatever the amount is at the time of retirement) will receive a COLA equal to 3% compounded each year until their annuity reaches that amount. 
2. Skips annual COLAs depending on age. Employees over 50 miss 1 adjustment; 49-47 miss 3 adjustments; 46-44 miss 4 adjustments; and 43 and under miss 5 adjustments. 
3. Increases the retirement age for those under age 45 on a graduated scale.
4. Caps pensionable salary at the current Tier II salary cap -- $109,971 (for 2013). Salaries that currently exceed the cap would be grandfathered in. The cap will adjust annually.
5. Decreases current employee pension contributions by 1%.
6. Prohibits the State pension systems from using pension funds to pay healthcare costs. 
7. Establishes a funding schedule which guarantees 100% funding no later than the end of FY2044.
8. Requires the state to make supplemental contributions: The State will contribute (i) $364 million in FY19, (ii) $1 billion annually thereafter through 2045 or until the system reaches 100% funding, and (iii) 10% of the annual savings resulting from pension reform beginning in FY16 until the system reaches 100% funding. 
9. Allows a retirement system to sue for required payments or supplemental contributions. 
10. Allows up to 5% of Tier 1 active members to join a defined contribution plan. 
11. Excludes "all pension matters" except pension pickups, from collective bargaining.

Click here to read the vote in the house

Click here to read the vote in the senate

Click here to link to the legislation (300+ pages)

CTPF's Role 

The Illinois legislature determines the laws and rules that govern our fund. The CTPF Board of Trustees administers the law and protects the Fund's finances to ensure retirement security for all members. 

History Whitewash?

CRITICS SAY HISTORY IS BEING WHITE-WASHED
By Stephen Wilson

(Moscow, Russia) - What is history but a fable told by others.

Napoleon

History is bunk!

Henry Ford.

'Paper puts up with anything that is written upon it, 'said a cynical, cunning and calculating Stalin. That is what the proponents of a new 80 page state history book which was launched by the Duma a few days ago hopes. There is a grain of truth to this crude axiom.Words do appear more potent and powerful when inscribed on paper.For paper embellishes the word with a layer of hypnotic authority which can disarm the impressionable.

The problem with this book is that there is no attempt to be objective and it          practically eulogises President Putin and condemns previous leaders such as Yeltsin and Gorbachev. The 'wild 1990's' were replaced by the prosperous stability of the Putin years. The huge human cost of collectivization and the repression is either understated or overlooked. There is not even a mention of the famous Molotov-Ribbentrop pact which paved the way to the second world war.No wonder critics accuse the government of whitewashing history.

The idea for a standardised history which would represent the interpretation of all interpretations had been floated around for years. It was only this February that President Putin summoned historians and asked them 'to come up with a unified version of Russian and Soviet history. He called for school pupils to be given a text free of internal contradictions and double interpretation. 'The task was given to Andre Petrov,an executive secretary of the history society and Sergei Naryshkin, who is part of the United Russia     elite.


If you read this book,you might think be forgiven that the mass protests of 2011 and 2012, the arrest of so many businessmen, opposition leaders and the demonstrators just did not happen! The increasing threats, attacks and arrest of dissidents is not mentioned.You might as well just title the last chapter 'Happy Russia'.

During the same week, a writer called Boris Akunin, an author of historical detective novels brought out his only history book on ancient Russia. The contrast could not be more striking.While the former is crude, vulgar and crassly written, the latter is more poetic, perceptive and well-balanced. In contrast to the former,it does not pretend to present some novel view of history or advance a new idea.

If this state history book is actually introduced into the classroom then the teaching of history in schools will further decline. Students will view history as simply a course where you must just pass an exam by providing the one and only acceptable answers. They will purchase general state exam guides with the right answers in shops, and simply memorise them by heart. Questioning the teacher will be either discouraged or viewed as 'wasting the teacher's time' as in some South Korean schools.

That history should be perceived as 'free of contradiction and double interpretation' indicates a complete lack of understanding of not human history, but child intelligence. The statement represents an insult to human intelligence. A reasonably intelligent person starts off in life with an insatiable curiosity. He or she is an ocean of questions. History       should reflect this questioning. This textbook precludes debate, discussion or alternative viewpoints.It is almost reminiscent of the old Soviet communist textbooks. It seems that the serious study of history will be marginalised from not only the schools, but the universities.It might lead to an absurd situation where informal enthusiasts or amateurs do the proper research which the professionals are supposed to do, but won't because they don't want to lose shaky  positions or prestige in schools.
                
Yet what the older generation are doing to the minds of young children is dangerously irresponsible.I have come across young school-children aged 13-14 who tell me 'Stalin was a great war leader and did not repress anyone'.

Daniel Ogen, an American English teacher, was also taken aback by one of his students who defended Stalin. Where do they get those notions? Just school-teachers? My daughter had an argument with a history teacher who claimed all the German invaders of Russians were fascists and were evil. My daughter should know! Her grandmother told us how some German soldiers entered a town hall building to give milk 'to Russian children' they were worried about. When they looked at the portraits of Lenin, they told the bemused Russians 'Lenin was a great man! Those German soldiers did not sound like ruthless fascists. Other history teachers tell their students how some German soldiers hid some Jews from the Nazis.

It is very possible that children acquire favourable views of Stalin from being looked after by their grandparents who hold a nostalgic view of the Soviet era. Those were the generation who truly wept when Stalin died. While the mothers are having to go to work they leave the child's grandparents to look after them. Being impressionable, they might uncritically accept their  grandparent's views as gospel.

The school history books can be written in a different way. You could easily write special sections containing the recorded statements of a prisoner of the Gulag or a Russian soldier at the front. Those interviews could select different viewpoints and help personalise history as being essentially made by the people, and not just tsars and presidents. You could title special sections of chapters 'Critical debate' where two different views of an issue are presented. This would at least help avoid a one-dimensional view of history.

It would be tragic if the only acceptable interpretation of history was based on what Pushkin stated, 'The Tsar and nobles initiate change while the people remain silent, or to quote the last act of Boris Godunov,'narod bezmolstvuet'. 

Concerning the new history book, we can't afford to remain silent. The honour of Russian   history, not to mention historians, is at stake.

HOD Pension Woes

CTU Officials Put Lipstick on Pension Pig
By Jim Vail


The Chicago Teachers Union tried to put its best face on an otherwise dismal situation confronting the fate of public pensions for city and state workers.

Last week the state legislature passed a pension relief bill into law that union officials estimate can cut up to 50% of a future retirees pension benefits through lower cost of living adjustments and increase the retirement age for future employees.

State officials are claiming it will save up to $160 billion in future pension payments.

While Chicago teachers were temporarily spared, the mayor is dedicated to following suit to slash Chicago teacher pension benefits.

"Why didn't the pension cuts include us," CTU President Karen Lewis rhetorically asked the delegates at the House of Delegates meeting last week.  "That was a win for us."

It is highly debatable that this current legislation that did not include Chicago for now was a win for anyone.  

For one, it is expected that Gov. Pat Quinn will sign onto this major pension relief bill, despite the threat of lawsuits from the unions who were not included in the negotiations, according to the corporate media.

Two, the unions are puffing their chests out and vowing to fight the governor and democrats behind this legislation.  However, they acknowledge they would not like to see Republican challenger and multi-millionaire Bruce Rauner become the next governor.

"Rauner said to vote no," Lewis said.  "Because it didn't go far enough."

So Chicago is next.

"I don't understand why the highways weren't clogged," Lewis said at the meeting.  "People expect us to mobilize."

Legislators told union officials they were surprised that CTU people were in Springfield to protest the latest pension theft of the people.  

However, far more action is required if Chicago is to be exempt from this draconian measure against working people's retirement.

"They cut our pensions and gave Archer Daniels Midland a corporate subsidy," Lewis further noted.  "I've said it all along, it's a revenue crisis."

Lewis continues to woo the delegates with playful anecdotes, and handles the questions with a flare and sense of confidence.

While the CTU is continue to play the dirty inside game by keeping its options open with the democratic machine that Emanuel, Madigan and others are a part of, they continue to fight the fight against charter schools.  The previous union UPC leadership not only refused to fight charters, they embraced them, saying they are our friends, despite the fact they are union busting operations.

The CTU is organizing mobilization against the next round of charter school proposals on the northwest and southwest side of the city.

A resolution against standardized assessments for special education students was passed at the HOD meeting.

"Whereas, in many cases standardized assessments do not accurately measure the progress of students with special needs because these students are not performing at grade level or have disabilities that inhibit their ability to complete standardized assessments in the same manner as their non-disabled peers," part of the resolution which passed unanimously read.

During the Q&A period, one teacher asked if opting out of the standardized testing at CPS was possible if the tests determine grade promotion.  

The CTU said only students in the 3rd, 6th and 8th grade need to pass the standardized test in the spring for promotion purposes. That means students do not need to take these tests in the fall or winter. 

Charter Transformation

Fallen UNO Chief Points to New Charter Path
By Jim Vail


The recent and abrupt resignation of Juan Rangel as the head of UNO Charter Schools, the biggest charter operator in the city, was a necessary step in the corporate takeover of public education.

Rangel, who operated 16 charter schools throughout the city and served as a close confidant to both the current and former mayors, was not a good image of what privatization should be.

Rangel took the hit this past year when the public found out he was awarding state bids to build new schools to family members of the chairman of the UNO board of directors.

Not to mention he had three family members working in his charter empire.  This is called nepotism in the public schools and would be illegal.

Rangel followed disgraced Aspira Charter head Jose Rodriguez who was also given the ax by his board of directors.  Rodriguez had big contacts at city hall to run a powerful Puerto Rican charter operation despite anyone who cared about education and knew who he was warning that Aspira-run schools would be a disaster.

I documented in Substance News how Aspira strip searched its students, outraged parents enough that they started a blog to try to get rid of Rodriguez, and fired whistle blowers who exposed their corrupt practices.

Like Rangel, Rodriguez was paid a shit load of money - more than the head of the Chicago Public Schools - and hired a whole bunch of his family members.

The luster of charters being the panacea of fixing public education has pretty much faded away.

That doesn't mean Gates and corporate cash will dry up any time soon in trying to totally drown public education and create private managers to steal whatever tax payer money it can.

But corrupt hacks like Rangel and Rodriguez had to go.

Kind of reminds me of the transformation of the mafia in Russia during the wild '90s when I reported there.

You would see these thugs in track suits and thick necks zooming around the city in dark sedans.

That style was eventually replaced by dark handsome men in Armani suits carrying briefcases, with governments posts and visions of western capitalistic terms like transparency and accountability dancing in their heads.

The mafia merely became the government and corporate directors of today, who continue to loot the country, except now it's "legal."

Well, the same could be said about the rough transformation of privatizing public education here.  These low life creatures are now turning into pinstriped Turkish technological cults and corporate entities with power point presentations and curriculum fairs dancing in their heads, hell bent on destroying public education.

Out with the old, and in with the new.

As the old saying goes - the more things change, the more it stays the same.

Delegates Endorse 1 Candidate

CTU Delegates Meeting Endorses One Candidate
By Jim Vail


The Chicago Teachers Union House of Delegates voted unanimously to endorse candidate Jay Travis in her election to become the state rep for the 26th district against current Rep. Christian Mitchell.

Several delegates and political action committee members spoke in favor of a candidate who appears to be ideal in representing teachers and working people in general.

"Jay Travis stayed overnight by camping out in front of the Board of Education in the fight against school closings," said Substance News editor and CTU consultant George Schmidt.  "And it was a cold night."

Travis, the speakers said, supports raising the minimum wage to $10 an hour, an elected school board, not allowing the Chicago Public Schools to take another pension holiday and does not support SB1, the recent pension bill passed in the house and senate that took a big bite out of public worker pensions (Chicago was not included yet).

"It is rare to have an ally and friend of such deep conviction and commitment running for elected office," said a CTU Political Action report distributed to CTU delegates at the meeting on Wed., Dec. 4.

The report noted there are only 4 races in Chicago this electoral cycle, and endorsements will be finalized in the next Jan. delegates meeting.

More interesting was the recent pension poison bill just passed this week in both the state house and senate, where most of the Chicago (machine) democrats voted in favor of new pension cuts of up to 50% of a pensioner's future checks, according to the Illinois Federation of Teachers. 

However, one machine democrat who voted against the poison pension bill was a democrat the CTU has tried to unseat - Rep. Toni Berrios.

According to the CTU, Berrios is scared of the teachers who backed her challenger Will Guzzardi, who came within a hair of defeating the daughter of Joe Berrios, the powerful Cook County assessor (property taxes!).

Michael Madigan, the corrupt speaker of the house and big backer of education reform, and endorsed by the CTU, led the pack voting yes to the pension bill.

Here's how the democratic party works.  They pretend to be your friend, I mean working class people's friend.  Dem. Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky was so outraged with this pension bill that would really hurt retirees, that she went public with her heart-felt sentiments.  

Heck, even IL Lieutenant Governor Sheila Simon came out strong against this bill that really whacked working people promised a small pension at the end of a long career.

The problem is, these two prominent democrats don't vote on the bill.  The democrats supported it, and then denounced it.

How's that for how politics works in this system.

So when I went to the mike during the Q&A at the end of the delegates meeting, I asked if our union officers can pledge to not endorse any of these democrats who signed onto this pension bill.

CTU president easily wrote me off, almost swatting me off like a fly, saying we don't endorse, the delegates do.

This is true.  How many teachers voted for Rahm Emanuel for mayor with no endorsement?  Or how many voted for Mike Madigan (with a CTU endorsement)?  Or who voted for the other CTU endorsed democrats like sen. Iris Martinez, who voted for this pension bill?

The CTU could have pledged not to persuade members to endorse candidates that hurt us.  

But politics doesn't work like that.

And Karen is right.  We the teachers decide ultimately if we want to back these people.

iPad Trojan Horse?

An iPad on Every Desk?: A Trojan Horse, Teachers Say

Sat, 11/23/2013 - 15:10 — Samantha Winslow

Labornotes.com

By Samantha Winslow

School districts that place iPads and mobile devices into classrooms are being praised (and praising themselves) for "innovation.  But what's this really about?  Maybe getting rid of teachers, and turning classroom "education" into something private contractors can deliver on the cheap?  Maybe "educating" kids to be the only creatures corporations seem to want anyway, "consumers"...?

An iPad on Every Desk?  A Trojan Horse, Teachers Say

by Samantha Winslow

A group of Los Angeles teachers and students says their school district’s plan to distribute iPads to every student is too good to be true.
The teachers say the money could be better spent than on cutting big checks to software and technology corporations. They suspect the iPad plan is a Trojan horse brought in to increase reliance on standardized curriculum and testing.
“It strikes all of us as utter nonsense,” said teacher Noah Lippe-Klein from a South L.A. high school, “at a moment when our schools are being stripped of nurses and college counselors.”
Teachers in Progressive Educators for Action (PEAC), a caucus within the teachers union; students; and members of the Schools Los Angeles Children Deserve coalition, made up of community allies and teachers, marched through downtown November 7 and rallied in front of district headquarters.
They questioned the iPads as one of many quick fixes pushed onto students and teachers by advocates of one-size-fits-all approaches to learning.
“This is not technology that helps my classroom,” said high school social studies teacher Rebecca Solomon.
Members of the Union Power slate participated in the march. They are running in elections next February to lead the L.A. teachers union, criticizing the current president for not building parent and community alliances to improve the schools.
The union’s upcoming rally demanding a salary increase is a case in point. The Union Power teachers want instead to advocate for more resources for schools, in addition to teachers’ salary concerns.
“Our students deserve a lot more than teachers who have a slight raise,” Solomon said.

‘iPREFER SMALLER CLASSES’

Teachers and students from different schools met at central L.A.’s Pershing Square for the protest. They walked over a freeway overpass and held their banners for commuters to see.
Students carried giant puppets and homemade signs mocking Apple’s marketing and branding: “iNeed a college counselor” and “iPrefer smaller class sizes.”
The district is hailing the iPad rollout as a technology breakthrough. Distribution began at 47 of L.A.’s 1,100 schools this fall. Every student will have a tablet by 2014, if the program goes according to plan.
Funding comes from a 25-year construction bond meant for school buildings and infrastructure. Protesters questioned whether voters will endorse future bonds for badly needed classroom repairs and facilities improvements if administrators continue to pour the money into botched technology projects.

BUMPY START

The L.A. school board made adjustments to the plan after problems sprang up. Within days of the first distribution, students hacked the security which was supposed to block them from getting to the Internet and using programs like Facebook and YouTube.
There was confusion among administrators and parents about who was responsible if iPads were lost, broken, or stolen; 70 were reported missing. Within a week several schools recalled the iPads altogether or suspended their use off-campus.
These glitches were accompanied by questions about the program’s cost—which could reach $1 billion.
Other adjustments include more evaluation of the program, slower iPad distribution, and a possible shift to laptops for high school students.
The decision to purchase iPads, one of the most expensive tablets on the market, is puzzling. The iPads cost the district nearly $800 each ($200 more than the store price) because they come pre-programmed with materials from Pearson, an education software and standardized testing company. The devices may also need keyboards, an extra cost, to work for older students.
The district has three-year contracts with both Apple and Pearson, so there will be another round of costs for the district to repair devices past their warranty and to update the software. It is unclear where the additional money will come from.
“They are hiring hundreds of people to monitor this rollout, when we still have teachers that have been laid off,” Solomon said.

SCRAP IT?

Solomon said the district is rushing the technology in a frantic attempt to get Race to the Top federal funds, which Los Angeles missed out on in 2012 and 2013, and other education grants. Race to the Top money is tied to implementing technology and “Common Core” standards, which are developed into software with support from pro-corporate education reform interests like the Gates Foundation.
The Core standards are federally established curriculum guidelines. Companies like Pearson are pushing Common Core as a way to assess student performance across the country, which will get their products into schools. Apple and Microsoft compete to provide the tablets and computers to house this software.
Perhaps not coincidentally, Deasy’s deputy charged with setting up the iPad deal used to work for a Pearson subsidiary. He claims he stayed out of the decision to buy the iPads.
Deasy touts the fast-tracked plan as a way to get new technology into the hands of low-income kids. But teachers at the rally said it will actually harm these students by accelerating the push to measure school success through standardized testing.
In addition to taking new statewide tests on the iPads, students will be shifted onto preset Pearson lesson plans and assignments.

TEACHERS WANT TECH

It’s not that Solomon and other teachers are anti-technology. In fact, teachers have been asking for more computers and technology in their classrooms for years. They share computers and have to sign them out and wheel them into their classrooms to use them. “In my school we fight over the computer carts,” Solomon said.
But she faults the new program for disrupting tried and true teaching practices: iPads individualize learning, limiting discussion and collaboration among students and with the teacher.
A better use of the funding, Solomon said, would be to work with teachers on how best to integrate instructional technology into students’ time in school, such as equipping schools with computers and wireless Internet so students can research, write, and edit papers.
The November 7 protest was part of a coordinated week of teacher action against testing that included events in New York City, Chicago, and North Carolina. The idea developed out of the Social Justice Unionism conference that the Chicago Teachers Union’s CORE caucus hosted in August.

A version of this article appeared in Labor Notes #417, December 2013.

- See more at: http://www.labornotes.org/2013/11/ipad-every-desk-trojan-horse-teachers-say#sthash.H7GaE8Lw.HVAKu8rl.dpuf